Faith healing options among children having illness

Background: Faith healing among parents having children with illness still continues

Objective: To determine the frequency of different faith bassed modes of treatment of childhood diseases

Methodology: Study Design: Cross sectional study

Setting: Pediatrics Department, Nawaz Sharif Medical College and Doctors Hospital, Gujrat, Pakistan. 480 children admitted in pediatric ward were included from 1[st] April 2014 to 31[st] March 2016. Variables included in study were age, age, sex, current illness, any faith healing opted like, manat, visit to shrine and animal sacrifice. The data was entered and analyzed by SPSS version 16

Results: A total of 480 children were included with 310 [64.58%] were female whereas 170 [35.42%] were male. 360 children [75%] were from rural areas of Gujrat whereas 120 [25%] were from urban area. Different modes of treatment were availed

Conclusion: Our study showed that faith healing among children with illness was high and most of the parents "Visited Shrine" and "Manat" to heal the disease. Health education to increase the awareness may help in early diagnosis and treatment

Hepatitis C Liver dysfunction and relationship with hemostatic disorders

Objectives: HCV liver disease is associated with abnormal liver functions and often results in various haematological disorders. This study was conducted on 100 HCV positive patients in Mayo Hospital, Lahore

Material and Method: The objective of this study was to establish a relationship between severity of liver disease and subsequent haemostatic disorders. The severity of liver disease was assessed by ALT, AST, Albumin, AST/ALT ratio and APRI Score and Hemostatic disorder was evaluated by Platelet Count, PT, APTT and D-Dimers which showed a significant positive correlation between the severity of liver disease and the increasing hemostatic derangements

Results: The results of the study showed that mean age was 41.29 +/- 11.15 years with minimum and maximum ages being 21 and 66 respectively. There were 63% male and 37% female pts and male to female ratio was 1.70: 1. In this study the mean PLT count was 202.870 x109/L +/- 66.779 x109/Lwith minimum count being 35.000 x 109/L. The PLT count was lower than normal in 21% of the pts. The distribution of D. Dimers was < 0.5 in 42%, 0.5 1 in 55% and it was > 1 in 3% of the pts. The mean PT and APTT were 16 seconds +/- 1.81 seconds and 37 seconds +/- 4.28 seconds respectively. The PT was prolonged in 48% and APTTin 5% of the patients

Conclusion: The severity of liver disease was assessed by ALT, AST, Albumin, AST/ALT Ratio and APRI Score while the Hemostatic abnormality was checked by Platelet count, PT, APTT and D-Dimers. The results of liver function tests and the coagulation profile along with the levels of AST/ALT Ratio and APRI Score in this study have proved that as the liver disease advances, the hemostatic derangement also increases

Genome-Wide Supported Risk Variants in MIR137, CACNA1C, CSMD1, DRD2, and GRM3 Contribute to Schizophrenia Susceptibility in Pakistani Population

OBJECTIVE: Schizophrenia is a chronic neuropsychiatric disease afflicting around 1.1% of the population worldwide. Recently, MIR137, CACNA1C, CSMD1, DRD2, and GRM3 have been reported as the most robustly emerging candidates involved in the etiology of schizophrenia. In this case control study, we performed an association analysis of rs1625579 (MIR137), rs1006737, rs4765905 (CACNA1C), rs10503253 (CSMD1), rs1076560 (DRD2), rs12704290, rs6465084, and rs148754219 (GRM3) in Pakistani population. METHODS: Schizophrenia was diagnosed on the basis of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 4th ed (DSM-IV). Detailed clinical information, family history of all patients and healthy controls were collected. RFLP based case control association study was performed in a Pakistani cohort of 508 schizophrenia patients and 300 healthy control subjects. Alleles and genotype frequencies were calculated using SPSS. RESULTS: A significant difference in the genotype and allele frequencies for rs4765905, rs1076560 and rs6465084 were found between the patients and controls (p=0.000). CONCLUSION: This study provides substantial evidence supporting the role of CACNA1C, GRM3 and DRD2 as schizophrenia susceptibility genes in Pakistani population.

Effect of dimenhydrinate in children with gastroenteritis related vomiting with mild to moderate dehydration

Background: vomiting among children with dehydration is serious issue to deal with

Objective: to determine the effect of dimenhydrinate in children with gastroenteritis related vomiting having mild to moderate dehydration

Methodology: it was a quasi experimental study, conducted in the Pediatrics Department in Nawaz Sharif Medical College Gujrat from 1[st] January 2014 to 31[st] December 2015. Two hundred and fifty six patients were included in the study.128 patients were enrolled in each group. The children with gastroenteritis and vomiting having mild to moderate dehydration were registered as group A and B. The socio demographic information, diarrhea and vomiting history was recorded and examination was done. Children, 1-6 years old having diarrhea and vomiting for last six hours were included in the study. A child enrolled in group A was given IM dimenhydrinate and started ORT and another child of same age and gender was enrolled in group B and only ORT was started. After two hours child was examined again and history of vomiting, ORS taken and frequency of stool was asked and decision for discharge on ORT was made. The was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 10

Results: in group A [who were given anti-emetic]; total 128 children with diarrhea and vomiting were given dimenhydrinate and ORT. After 2-3 hours of therapy, out of 128 children 94 [74%] children were having no dehydration, no vomiting and were taking adequate ORS orally and 34 [26%] children were having mild to moderate dehydration and were not able to take ORS due to vomiting. In group B total 128 children with diarrhea and vomiting were given only ORT. After 2-3 hours of therapy, out of 128 children 55[43%] children were having no dehydration no vomiting and were taking adequate ORS orally and 73[57%] children were having mild to moderate dehydration and were not able to take ORS due to vomiting

Conclusion: this clinical trial showed that a single IM injection of anti-emetic reduces gastroenteritisrelated vomiting and facilitates ORT without significant adverse events. Dimenhydrinate shows promising results as a first-line anti-emetic, and use of this agent might increase the success of ORT, minimize the need for intravenous therapy, hospitalization, and reduces healthcare costs

cross-sectional analysis of use of information technology by selected students of health colleges of a Saudi University

Objective: To determine the use of information technology [IT] among students of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmacy in Prince Sattam Bin AbdulAziz University, AI-Khraj, Saudi Arabia [PSAU]

Study Design: Across-sectional survey

Place and Duration of Study: From September 2014 to January, 2015

Methodology: A close-ended questionnaire consisting of 30 multiple choice questions [MCQs] was distributed to the students. The questions were related to their access to computers, skills and training, computer activities, and internet

access. Data analyses and descriptive analyses for various variables were performed using SPSS version 17.0

Results: An overall response rate of 84.9% [488 out of 575] was obtained. All of the students [100%] had an access to the computers. Most of the students [61.9%] used computers for academic purposes. A majority of the students [74.4%] preferred the use of powerpoint presentations aided by marker-and-board method for teaching. For communication from the colleges, 62.9% of the respondents preferred it through the email; 100% of the students had an email account. All of the students [100%] used internet; 83.1% considered the information as accurate. The internet was used by 47.6% of the students for seeking the medical information

Conclusion: All of the students had an access to IT and most of them used it for their educational purposes

Correlation between obesity and severity of cholecystitis

Objective: The aim and objective of this study is to assess the relationship between obesity and severity of Cholecystitis

Study Design: Observational / descriptive study

Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted in the Punjab Employees Social Security Hospital Rawalpindi and AzmatRasheed Hospital Rawalpindi from 1[st] January 2015 to 31[st] Dec 2015

Materials and Methods: 84 patients of symptomatic gall stone disease were included in the study. BMI was calculated and recorded at the time of admission.Patients having BMI > 25kg/m[2] were put in category of overweight/Obese and those having BMI < 25kg/m[2] were considered to be of normal weight

Results: In males proportion of complicated acute cholecystitis was significantly higher in non-obese patients and was around [21%] as compared to obese [7%] with significant statistical difference. On the other hand no significant statistical difference was found between female non-obese and obese patients

Conclusion: Contrary to common belief, complication rate in obese males is less as compared to males of normal weight. While in females, no such difference is noted in complication rate of gall stone disease between obese and non-obese females

Frequency of retinopathy in newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus type II patients

Objective: To record the frequency of retinopathy in newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus type II patients

Study design: Cross Sectional survey

Place and duration of study: This study was conducted at the Department of Ophthalmology, Helper's Eye Hospital, Quetta from 1[st] July 2015 to 31[st] December 2016

Materials and Methods: A total of 200 newly diagnosed Type II diabetes mellitus patients of both gender and age between 30-65 years were enrolled in the study. Fundoscopy was performed by single consultant ophthalmologist to avoid any biasness while diagnosing retinopathy. The frequency of retinopathy in cases with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus type II was noted

Results: In our study, out of 200 cases, 80% [n=160] were between 30-50 years of age while 20% [n=40] were between 51-70 years of age, mean age was 47.13 +/- 6.10 years, 55% [n=110] were male and 45% [n=90] were females, 19.5% [n=39] had diabetic retinopathy in newly diagnosed cases of type II diabetics

Conclusion: Frequency of diabetic retinopathy shows a significant incidence in type 2 diabetes mellitus, these findings will be helpful for timely management of the morbidity for saving our patients from visual loss

Signaling pathway involved in Rheumatoid Arthritis: target for new therapeutic interventions

Rheumatoid arthritis is categorized as a systematic autoimmune disease which causes chronic disabilities exclusively in bones that are aligned with synovium. RA etiology is still unknown but previous studies have coined that several number of factors play a significant role e.g. environmental and genetic factors. Cellular signaling pathways orchestrate the inflammatory response that regulates various cellular functions like cellular progression, proliferation, death and secretion of signaling molecules [pro and anti inflammatory cytokines] in response to genetic and environmental stimuli. These regulatory pathways are tightly controlled and naturally activated by ligands that attach to their respective receptors on the cell surface. In diseased state, these signaling pathways escape the normal control mechanisms resulting in intensification of cytokines and chemokines, transcription factors and mediatory proteins that disrupt normal cell processes and might bring about auto-destructive consequences such as in the case of rheumatoid arthritis. The review highlights multiple levels of targeting molecules in signaling pathways that may be potential diagnostic markers and also attempts to underline potential therapeutic targets

Hospital-Based Cancer Profile at the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre, Lahore, Pakistan

Objective: To determine a frequency distribution of the type and clinical profile of cancer cases registered at the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Centre [SKMCH and RC]. Study Design: A retrospective, observational study. Place and Duration of Study: The SKMCH and RC, Lahore, from December 1994 to December 2012. Methodology: The time period taken into consideration for the three most common diagnoses was December 1994 - December 2012. Summaries were obtained for gender, age-group, and cancer type on: [i] all age-groups, both genders combined; [ii] adults [> 18 years]; [iii] adult males [> 18 years]; [iv] adult females [> 18 years]; and [v] children [= 18 years]. For a subset of cases registered between January 2004 to December 31, 2012 [9 years], summaries on cancers, age, addiction, family history, disease stage, and grade were obtained for the above groups. Statistical Package for Social Sciences, version 19, was used to analyze the data. Results: The most common malignancies, for the 18-year time period, among adults, were those of breast [11, 848/ 49, 765, 23.81%], lip and oral cavity [3, 291/49, 765, 6.61%], and liver and intrahepatic bile ducts [2, 836/49, 765, 5.70%]. Conclusion: Hospital-based results obtained from various oncology hospital and departments, can be considered as an effective way forward in getting a preview of cancer burden in the region. Key Words: Hospital-based. Cancer registration. Malignancies

Ileoscopy; diagnostic yield in a tertiary care hospital of pakistan

Colonoscopy is one of the most important modalities to investigate complaints related to lower gastrointestinal tract. Terminal ileum is an essential part of the complete colonoscopic examination. Objectives: To observe the diagnostic yield of ileoscopy in patients undergoing colonoscopy. Design: Retrospective and observational study. Period: January 2010 to May 2014. Setting: Liaquat National Hospital and Medical College. Patients and methods: Patients undergoing colonoscopy fulfilling inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled. Terminal ileum was examined and biopsies taken if abnormality present. Statistical analysis was done by SPSS- 18. Result: A total of 1296 patients were included, 884 [68.2%] were male and 412 [31.8%] were female. Age ranged from 15-90 years. The commonest indication was bleeding per rectum [35.6%].1133[87.4%] patients had normal mucosaand163 [12.6%] had abnormal mucosa on ileoscopy. Of these 163 patients, 68 had ulcers, 56 had inflammation, 29 had nodular mucosaand10 had polyp. Histopathological examination showed non-specific inflammation in 139 patients; granulomatous inflammation in 7; reactive lymphoid hyperplasia in 8; 3 had normal result; biopsies were not taken in remaining 6 patients. By using chi-square test we found a significant statistical relationship between macroscopic abnormality of terminal ileum mucosaandage of patients, weight loss, chronic diarrhoea, and abdominal pain. On logistic regression, age group, chronic diarrhoeaandweight loss retained strong relationship with macroscopic abnormality of terminal ileum mucosa. Conclusions: Though a large number of patients [12.6%] had abnormal terminal ileum mucosa, histopathological analysis did notshow any significant yield of ileoscopy. Terminal ileal abnormality was more common in young and middle aged patients and in patients presenting primarily with chronic diarrhoeaandweight loss.

Epidemiology of breast cancer at the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center, Lahore, Pakistan

Objective: To describe the demographic and clinical features of females presenting with breast malignancies at the Shaukat Khanum Memorial Cancer Hospital and Research Center [SKMCH and RC], Lahore, Pakistan

Study Design: An observational study

Place and Duration of Study: SKMCH and RC, Lahore, from January 2008 to December 2012

Methodology: Demographic and clinical features of female breast cancer patients, registered at SKMCH and RC, were studied. Mean values, counts, and percentages were obtained

Results: Four-thousand, three-hundred and sixty-six female breast malignancies were recorded. Nearly 80.4% of the patients belonged to Punjab. Mean age at presentation was 48.6 +/- 12.2 years, at menarche was 13.2 +/- 1.2 years, and at first childbirth was 23.7 +/- 4.8 years. Mean Body Mass Index [BMI] was 29.0 +/- 5.7 kg/m[2]. In 60.1%, history of breast feeding was positive. In 55.7%, there was no history of use of any Oral Contraceptive Pills [OCP]/Hormone Replacement Therapy [HRT]. Nearly 42.7% were postmenopausal, 85.2% had infiltrating ductal carcinoma, 49.6% had grade 3 tumor, 60.7% had stage II disease, and 37.3% were Estrogen Receptor [ER]/Progesterone Receptor [PR]+, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 [HER2]-. Family history of breast cancer was positive in 16.9% of the cases

Conclusion: The mean presenting age is lower than what has been recorded in the West. It may be worthwhile collating results from different institutions in order to study the epidemiology of the disease more extensively and develop cancer control and early detection programs

Frequency of operative site infection after laparotomy in surgical unit Nawaz Sharif medical college Gujrat

Background: Postoperative wound infection is a major problem faced by surgeons

Objective: To assess the postoperative wound complications after laparotomy

Subjects and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted in Surgical Unit of Nawaz Sharif Medical College and Doctors Hospital, Gujrat, Pakistan from 1[st] July 2012 to 30 June[th] 2014. 195 patients underwent laparotomy. Cholecystectomy was done in 102 patients and appendicectomy was done in 93 patients. Their wounds were graded by Southampton wound scoring system. The data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 16

Results: 92.2% patients has normal healing [grade 0 or I], minor complications were seen in 6% [grade II or III], 1.5% patients were showing major complications [grade IV or V] during hospital stay. On follow-up in out-patient department, 80.4% patients found to have normal healing [grade 0 or I], 15.2% patients has minor complications [grade II or III] and 4% patients has major complications [grade IV or V]. During follow up for surgical site infections there was an increase in the grades as compared to their record during hospital stay

Conclusion: For the detection of surgical site infection and standardization of the wound, Southampton Wound Scoring System is very useful. Southampton wound scoring can be used for surgical site infection and it may help in the patient, and sterilization protocol improvement

Audit of rhabdomyosarcoma among children admitted in tertiary care hospital

Background: Rhobdomyosarcoma in usually a children tumor, with variable outcome

Objective: To determine the clinical presentation, site of distribution, histological type, stage at presentation and outcome in children diagnosed as case of rhabdomyosarcoma in oncology department in Children Hospital, Lahore

Patients and Methods: Study design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted from 1[st] January 2009 to 31[st] December 2012 in Oncology Department in Children Hospital Lahore, Pakistan. A total of 44 children [1-15 years of age] diagnosed as case of rhabdomyosarcoma were included in the study. Rhabdomyosarcoma was diagnosed on tissue biopsy. Required investigations for staging of the tumour were done like bone marrow aspiration, C.T. scan whole body, bone scan. Metastatic disease was considered as stage IV disease. Staging of the tumour was done according to the EpSSG staging. After staging chemotherapy, surgery, radiotherapy was decided according to the UKCCG protocols of rhabdomyosarcoma. All the protocols were given in the oncology ward under strict supervision, surgery was done in pediatric sugery department whenever it was needed. Response of the treatment was seen on C.T. scan after chemotherapy and it was compared with previous C.T. scan taken before treatment. Descriptive statistic like mean or proportion was calculated for age, sex, and presenting complaints before hospitalization. An intention to treat analysis for stage of disease at presentation and outcome in cases was performed. The data was entered and analyzed in SPSS version 12

Results: The children included in the study were of 1 to 15 years of age. Nineteen [43.5%] children were less than 05 years, 21[47.7%] children were 5-10 years of age group and 04 [9.1%] children were above 10 years of age. Out of 44 children 18[40.9%] were males and 26[59.1%] were female, Out of 44 children 41[93.2%] children were having metastatic disease at the time of presentation and only 03[6.8%] children were without metastasis. 09[20.5%] children expired during the treatment, 24[54.5%] children completed the treatment and were kept on monthly follow up, 07[15.9%] children left against medical advice and 04[9.1%] children got relapse of the disease. Histology was confirmed in only 08[18.1%] children, 01[2.3%] was alveolar type, 01[2.3%] was spindle cell type and 06[13.6%] were embryonal type. In 36[81.8%] children we were unable to detect the histological type

Conclusion: Rhabdomyosarcoma can involve any part of the body, more over early detection of rhabdomyosarcoma can give better prognosis

Therapeutic ERCP in patient with situs inversus totalis and ampullary diverticulum

Situs Inversus Totalis [SIT] is a rare entity with complete transposition of all viscera, making endoscopic and surgical procedures challenging and complicated. We describe a rare case of a 55 years old man with SIT and ampullary diverticulum presenting with cholangitis and deranged liver function tests due to common bile duct stones. Therapeutic Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography [ERCP] was planned to relieve biliary obstruction and removal of stones. Procedure was started after informed consent in usual left semi-prone position but rotation of scope to 180 degrees and shortening under fluoroscopic guidance was done to attain and maintain desirable ampullary position and cannulation was done with standard sphincterotome followed by sphincterotomy and sphincteroplasty. ERCP was performed successfully despite difficulties of dual pathology and the patient made uneventful recovery

Complications of colostomy; frequency in a tertiary care hospital

Objective: To study the frequency and types of complications in colostomy patients. Study Design: Prospective cross sectional study. Setting: Department at Surgery, Fauji Foundation Hospital Rawalpindi. Period: 1[st] December 2009 to 30th November 2011

Material and Methods: A total of 104 consecutive patients who end up with colostomy due to any reason were included in the study

Results: It was noted that 52 patients had stoma due to malignancy and complications was noted in 40 patients. Same number of Patients operated for non-malignant disease i.e. 52. Complications noted in only 24 patients while 28 were without complications

Conclusions: The chances of complications in different type of stomas are much higher in case of malignancy. It is recommended that such operations are performed by senior surgeons in order to avoid post-operative morbidity and mortality

Comparison between signs and symptoms of medulloblastomas and desmoblastic medulloblastomas

To compare the signs and symptoms of Medulloblastomas and Desmoblastic Medulloblastomas. Retrospective study. This study was conducted at King Khalid University Hospital, Rayadh, Saudi Arabia from 1[st] January 2001 till 31[st] December 2010. Total of 37 patients were included in the study. After taking written consent from all the patients or their relatives, this study was conducted. Permission was also taken from the ethical committee of the hospital. 37 patients were included in the study. Percentage of important symptoms of intracranial tumors like headache, reduced vision and hydrocephalus was comparatively higher in medulloblastomas as compare to desmoblastic medulloblastomas. None of the desmoblastic variety had metastasis on presentation, hence all of them completely excised. Unfortunately, we were able to excise only 82.14% of medulloblastomes. 14.28% were partially excised while in 3.57% of cases, surgeon was only able to take biopsy. Desmoblastic variety of medulloblastoma had better prognosis as compare to Classical Medullblastoma

Frequency of impaired glucose tolerance test in obese pregnant women

Background: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus [GDM] is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with onset or first recognition during pregnancy. The diagnosis of Gestational diabetes mellitus, can be made by oral glucose tolerance test

Objective: To determine the frequency of impaired glucose tolerance test in obese pregnant women attending outpatient department of Lahore General Hospital

Subjects and Methods: It was hospital-based, descriptive study. This study was conducted in out patient department and Gynae and Obstetrics, Unit II, Lahore General Hospital, Lahore. Newborn babies were followed in Children Hospital, Lahore. This study was conducted from 7[th] July, 2011 to 6[th] July 2012. Obese pregnant women having BMI [Body Mass Index] more than 30, at 20 to 28 weeks of gestation were included in the study. Gestational age was calculated by dating scan. Age of the obese pregnant women was between 20-40 years. Body mass index was calculated by dividing weight in kilogram by height in meter square. Oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT] was performed after 8 hours of fasting. After lOOgm of glucose load, four blood samples were taken and were checked for abnormal oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT], according to American Diabetes Association Criteria, 2004 [i.e. fasting blood sugar > 5.3mmol/L, 1 hour value > lOmmol/L, 2 hour value > 8.6 mmol/L, 3 hour value > 7.8mmol/L]. Oral glucose tolerance test were considered impaired if any two of the above readings were impaired. Every newborn baby was examined by the pediatrician and followed in Children Hospital, Lahore, for any complication

Results: There were 74 [24%] pregnant women who had impaired oral glucose tolerance test and there were 236 [76%] pregnant women who did not show impaired oral glucose tolerance test. On follow up of newborn babies every fifteen days for three months, all the babies were found to be normal

Conclusion: It is concluded from this study that 24% obese pregnant women have impaired oral glucose tolerance test. Gestational diabetes mellitus can be diagnosed early in pregnancy by doing oral glucose tolerance test [OGTT]. After early diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus, early treatment can be started and the newborn babies can be saved from any complication of gestational diabetes mellitus

Odds of prostate cancer among Pakistani men in relation to their dietary patterns

To determine relationship between dietary pattern of Pakistani men and the odds of prostate cancer. Total of 195 cases of adenocarcinoma of prostate and 390 randomly selected controls were recruited for this retrospective study. Cases and controls were asked about their usual dietary pattern using validated food frequency questionnaire. NutriSurvey software version 2007 was used to compute amount of macro-nutrients and micro-nutrients consumption per week. Odds ratio was used as a measure of strength of association. Unconditional logistic regression was used to compute odds ratios after adjustment of known potential confounding factors and effect modifiers. Mean calories consumed per day for cases was 3720 +/- 878 and for controls was 2918 +/- 487 and this difference was statistically significant [t =11.87 at 255 df ; p<0.001]. Red meat consumption was found to be strongly associated with prostate cancer risk [adjusted OR 2.23 for once a week, OR 10.67 for twice a week, OR 11.82 for thrice a week and OR 14.53 for daily]. On the other hand, consuming chicken for once a week was rather protective [adjusted OR 0.25; 95% CI. 0.14-0.44; p<0.001]. Weekly consumption of seasonal vegetables, fruits were found to play protective role [adjusted OR 0.01; 95% CI.0.005-0.03; p<0.001]. On the other hand, fat consumption demonstrated a strong relationship with prostate cancer risk such that those consuming 80 grams and above fats per day were at higher odds 7.95 [95% CI 4.38-14.43; p<0.001]. Increased risk was also observed with calcium consumption [OR 2.03 [95% CI.1.21- 3.42; p=0.006], however, phosphorous and Iron did not demonstrate any relationship with prostate cancer odds. Pakistan, prostate, dietary pattern, risk, odds, red meat, fruits, vegetables, diary products. Consumption of increased quantities of fats, red meat and dairy products are associated with higher odds of prostate cancer in Pakistani men.

Profile of medicolegal cases attending trauma center of district headquarter teaching hospital, Gujranwala

Objective: to describe demographic characteristics and types of medico-legal cases presenting in trauma center of district headquarter teaching hospital, Gujranwala

Material and Methods: in this descriptive study, two hundred and thirteen [213] medico-legal cases were studied. These cases visited trauma center of district headquarter teaching hospital, Gujranwala during the year 2012. Medicolegal records were reviewed retrospectively. Demographic profile included age and sex distribution which was described according to the type of injury. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 18

Results: out of 213 cases studied, 182 [85.45%] were males and 31 [14.55%] were females. Majority of patients were between 11-30 years of age [62.91%]. Injury was inflicted by blunt weapons in 92[43.19%] of the cases, whereas firearms and sharp edged weapons were responsible for 26. 76% and 10.80% of the injuries respectively. On the other hand, total of 38 [17.84%] experienced road traffic accidents and only 1.41 % cases suffered burns

Conclusion: blunt weapon injury is the most frequently reported medico-legal offense in district headquarter teaching hospital Gujranwala followed by firearm injury. Males are involved in most of these incidences

Presentation of colorectal carcinoma, a local experience

Introduction: Colorectal carcinoma is the third commonest malignancy all over the world. In countries like Pakistan, mostly patients present first time in emergency department with fecal peritonitis or acute intestinal obstruction. These patients got worst prognosis and stormy post-operative time with high percentage of complications. Otherwise prognosis is excellent if diagnosed at stage I or II and treated properly

Objectives: To compare the common post-operative complications in large bowel malignancy in elective and emergency presentation

Material and Methods: It is a cross sectional retrospective study. Patients with histological proof of carcinoma were included in the study. Data over the period of two year was collected and analyzed

Results: This study included one hundred patients. Mean age was 49.56 years and 56% of the patients were males. 40% of the patients present between the ages of 40 to 60 years. Mean time of start of symptoms and the time of presentation in the hospital was 6.5 months ranges from 1 to 24 months. 76%of the patients had history of altered bowel habits and 60% had anorexia and weight loss. 44 out 100 patients presented in the emergency. Rate of post-operative complications was much higher in those patients who admitted through emergency including leak from anastomotic site and wound dehiscence

Conclusions: All the patients of 50 years or more should be seen by surgeon for exclusion of large bowel carcinoma if they had symptoms of altered bowel habits associated with weight loss and anorexia. If the colonic carcinoma is diagnosed at an early stage, chances of life threatening post-operative complications are far less as compare to those who presented with advance stage